Selling a Business

For every reason that a pending sale of a business collapses, there is a positive reason why the sale closed successfully. What does it take for the sale of a business to close successfully? Certainly there are reasons that a sale might not close that are beyond anyone’s control. A fire, for example, the death of a principal, or a natural disaster such as a hurricane or tornado. There might be an environmental problem that the seller was unaware of when he or she decided to sell. Aside from these unplanned catastrophic events, deals abort because of the people involved. Here are a few examples of how a sale closes successfully.

The Buyer and Seller Are in Agreement From the Beginning

In too many cases, the buyer and seller really weren’t in agreement, or didn’t understand the terms of the sale. If an offer to purchase is too vague, or has too many loose ends, the sale can unravel somewhere along the line. However, if prior to the offer to purchase the loose ends are taken care of and the agreement specifically spells out the details of the sale, it has a much better chance to close. This means that a lot of answers and information are supplied prior to the offer and that many of the buyer’s questions are answered before the offer is made. The seller may also have some questions about the buyer’s financial qualifications or his or her ability to operate the business. Again, these concerns should be addressed prior to the offer or, at least, if they are part of it, both sides should understand exactly what needs to be done and when. The key ingredient of the offer to purchase is that both sides completely understand the terms and are comfortable with them. Too many sales fall apart because of a misunderstanding on one side or the other.

The Buyer and Seller Don’t Lose Their Patience

Both sides need to understand that the closing process takes time. There is a myriad of details that must take place for the sale to close successfully, or to close at all. If the parties are using outside advisors, they should make sure that they are deal-oriented. In other words, unless the deal is illegal or unethical, the parties should insist that the deal works. The buyer and seller should understand that the outside advisors work for them and that most decisions concerning the sale are business related and should be decided by the buyer and seller themselves. The buyer and seller should also insist that the outside advisors keep to the scheduled closing date, unless they, not the outside advisors, delay the timing. Prior to engaging the outside advisors, the buyer and seller should make sure that their advisors can work within the schedule. However, the buyer and seller have to also understand that nothing can be done overnight and the closing process does take some time.

No One Likes Surprises

The seller has to be up front about his or her business. Nothing is perfect and buyers understand this. The minuses should be revealed at the outset because sooner or later they will be exposed. For example, the seller should consult with his or her accountant about any tax implications prior to going to market. The same is true for the buyer. If financing is an issue it should be mentioned at the beginning. If all of the concerns and problems are dealt with initially, the closing will be just a technicality.

The Buyer and Seller Must Both Feel Like They Got a Good Deal

If they do, the closing should be a simple matter. If the chemistry works, and everyone understands and accepts the terms of the agreement, and feels that the sale is a win-win, the closing is a mere formality.

There are several things to consider when buying or selling a business. The most important is to listen to the other side. There are always reasons why someone wants something – even if you don’t agree at first. Find out where the other side is coming from, then make a decision on whether you can live with it or not.

Next, whether you are the buyer or the seller, you can not have everything your way. You can’t win on every point or issue. Be prepared to give in on those areas that are not as important as those you feel most strongly about. If you are a seller, you may not be able to get a real high price and a real high down payment. You will have to decide which is more important. The same is true for the buyer. You can’t have it both ways.

Always enter the purchase or sale of a business with a spirit of cooperation rather than one of confrontation. The buyer or the seller, as the case may be, is not the enemy. If the seller wasn’t interested in selling, the business would not be for sale. If the buyer did not like the business there would be no negotiation or eventual sale.

The secret of a successful negotiation is laying out all the points on the table for discussion. It is key to understand where everyone is coming from and to understand what is and what is not important to each party. When there is a sense of cooperation among all of the players, a successful deal will usually result.

The buyer and seller have both agreed on the sale price and the terms of the transaction. Everyone appears satisfied. As the day of closing approaches, the seller seems less cooperative and more apprehensive about selling the business. Ultimately, the sale falls apart. Who’s to blame? The buyer was ready, willing and able to buy the business, and the seller appeared ready to sell.

The decision to sell one’s business is a serious step – a milestone in one’s life, both personally and professionally. Selling represents the end of ownership. It means, for many sellers, heading into uncharted waters. For others, it is the end of a dream — they built the business, or perhaps even started it. A part of them will always be in the business. So, to the seller, selling the business, represents the end of something and the beginning of something else – pretty dramatic stuff. Often, selling the business means parting with one’s biggest asset – the bulk of one’s wealth. The business can be a very personal thing, like a child is a part of the family.

Some sellers, in the middle of the selling process, suddenly realize just how important the business is in their life. Others realize that after the sale they will have nothing to get up for on a daily basis. This sounds good at first, but upon reflection it really doesn’t sound good at all. These are some of the reasons sales of privately-held businesses may not close. Sellers won’t admit their reason, so they masquerade the real reason behind another.

Perhaps, one of the most critical elements necessary for the successful sale of a privately-held business is the willingness of the seller to sell and move on. In some cases, the owner and the business have grown into one – the business becoming his or her alter ego. Before sellers decide to sell, they should make sure they can separate themselves from the business and are prepared to leave it. Sellers should not attempt to sell before they are ready!

If you are considering selling your business, remember that there are positive factors that influence value and those that detract from it. Looking at your business from a buyer’s perspective is important since a prudent buyer will be adding and subtracting these various factors when arriving at an asking price. It is perhaps more important to recognize when the buyer arrives at a price at which he or she will leave the negotiations. Buyers naturally try to buy the business at the lowest possible price possible, however most also have a top price over which they are probably not willing to go. Here are some of the “high value” indicators as well as some of the “low value” indicators to consider when evaluating your business.

Indications of High Value

• High sustainable cash flow
• Room for the business to grow
• Anticipated industry growth
• Competitive advantage – location, area, etc.
• Business niche
• History and reputation
• Low failure rate in industry
• Modern, well maintained facility

Indications of Low Value

• Customer concentration on a few major customers/clients
• Reliance on owner
• Poor financials
• Distressed circumstances
• Few assets
• Product or service sensitivity
• Poor outlook for industry – regulations, foreign competition, price cutting, discount stores, etc.

Considering the above factors and how to address them can help a seller look at the business through the eyes of a potential buyer. A professional business broker can help the business owner sort through the many areas that buyers consider when looking at a business and trying to arrive at an initial offering price.

Experienced buyers of large businesses have tended to spurn the smaller business, citing traditional “negatives” involved in this type of transaction. Now big-time buyers are throwing away the don’t-buy-small book; or at least, they are beginning to read between the lines. The so-called shortcomings of the small business acquisition can actually be opportunities in disguise.

Let’s take a look at these small-business negatives and see the possibilities or (improvements) inherent in each:

A Good Small Business Is Hard To Find

Experienced buyers often complain about the difficulty of locating a viable smaller business. Furthermore, when a business of possible interest is found, the owner/seller is often trying to manage the transaction single handedly, foregoing the advice of professionals. This negative issue can be resolved instantly by the use of a business broker. For the seller, the business broker will offer the support and expertise needed to launch and consummate the sale. For the buyer, the business broker will pinpoint appropriate businesses for sale, using a knowledge of the marketplace and extensive databases to shortcut the search process.

Business brokers will also be able to present the buyer with small businesses that are not “shopworn,” as can be the case when a business sale has floundered–again and again–in the inexpert hands of the seller. The bigger-time buyers will especially appreciate this, since they are always on the lookout for the unusual and first-time seller.

One Person Is Key

When the owner is also the key employee, what happens after the business is sold? How can the new owners/investors hope to replace the one person who has essentially been the business? This traditional concern paints a far too gloomy–and, in fact, inaccurate–picture. Too many small business owners only think that they are irreplaceable. In most cases, they are not. In fact, new management can bring with it the fresh enthusiasm and energy essential for significant growth. For example, viewed from the outside, the quaint gift shop that is an extension of the personality of its owners might have become just that–too quaint, a clutter of Aunt Susie’s jams, somebody else’s painted beach rocks, aged potpourri. The new management clears out a space to serve gourmet coffees, stocks gift items from an endangered rainforest made by third-world peoples, and the business takes on a whole new life.

Casual Company Structure

Lines of responsibility often blur in the small-business management structure. This problem is compounded when, as in many cases with the small to mid-sized business, the owner is also the manager. Daily concerns override long-term planning, and decisions tend to be driven by instinct rather than by in-depth analysis. The typical informality of small business management is not an insoluble problem by any means. The use of expert, highly specialized consultants and the instituting of an enthusiastic board of directors are two possible initial steps to take. Both groups–consultants and board members–will be invaluable resources to support the existing management and to help formalize the company’s structure. With the burden of managing the business more clearly defined and more equably distributed, a small business will have better opportunities for rapid change and growth.

An additional tip for those owner-managers considering selling their business: Experienced buyers will be more impressed with your business, no matter what the size, if you prepare an operating manual that details the current operation scheme and charts the responsibilities of each employee.

The Owner Keeps the Books

With many small businesses, the owner keeps track of operations and financial reporting procedures–off the cuff or in the head. Even when careful records are kept on paper or computer, the systems may not have kept up with the business and the times. (The operating manual mentioned above will help owners as they plan to sell their business.) The good news for buyers is that the changes needed to update most small business systems will not call for major overhauls. Simple systems improvements can effect dramatic results.

Goodwill Is What’s (Mostly) for Sale

A small business is not typically rich in assets. The investment in capital equipment is minor, and, in the case of S corporations, the majority of earnings go to the owner or owners. What is left to attract the experienced buyer? Mostly goodwill–just what most buyers don’t want to hear. There are, however, two positive sides to the low-assets “negative.” First, it is possible for the new owner to increase assets by the purchase of equipment and by frugal management decisions. Second, the business with a small asset base might receive a lower valuation, which will naturally appeal to any buyer; the experienced buyer will see the further benefit of using the resulting higher cash flow as a means to grow the business.

Leaving the issue of assets aside, most small businesses, in general, are going to sell for much lower multiples than the larger business. A buyer must “buy into” an exit strategy wherein the business will be re-sold on the basis of a higher multiple of earnings as well as simply higher earnings. This strategy has appeal for those buyers who want to buy small businesses at reasonable valuations.

Small Customer/Supplier Base

It is not atypical for a small business to rely on just one customer for 50 percent of its trade, or on a handful of customers for as much as 90 percent. Businesses with such small customer bases (and similarly small supplier bases) survive by cultivating strong relationships and loyalties. This one-on-one way of doing business poses a potential problem for buyers who are doubtful about maintaining these customer-supplier ties.

The seller can alleviate the buyer’s concerns by agreeing to stay on board, as needed, to help maintain key relationships with customers and suppliers. The smaller the customer base–with a few major customers forming the bulk–the more important the seller’s ongoing participation will be. In addition, sellers can use paperwork to their advantage, creating detailed listings of current customers and suppliers, as well as leads to those used in the past or with future potential.

The Uncertain Seller

Is the business really for sale? This is a vital question that any buyer wants answered. In the case of a small business, the decision to sell will involve many emotional factors, including the reluctance on the part of the seller to part with what has been such a large chunk of his life. If the need to sell is caused by family difficulties or by personal burnout, these are fluctuating issues that may leave the seller running hot and cold.

When the seller’s decision-making powers have become skewed, it is wise to enlist the help of a professional. The business broker can assess the seriousness of the seller–as well as that of the buyer. Once it has been determined that both parties are serious, the business broker will keep an eye on the chemistry of each player, fostering patience on the part of the buyer and guiding the seller on a steady path toward a successful sale.